jellytau/docs/architecture/05-platform-backends.md

# Platform-Specific Player Backends

## Player Events System

**Location**: `src-tauri/src/player/events.rs`

The player uses a push-based event system to notify the frontend of state changes:

```rust
pub enum PlayerStatusEvent {
    /// Playback position updated (emitted periodically during playback)
    PositionUpdate { position: f64, duration: f64 },

    /// Player state changed
    StateChanged { state: String, media_id: Option<String> },

    /// Media has finished loading and is ready to play
    MediaLoaded { duration: f64 },

    /// Playback has ended naturally
    PlaybackEnded,

    /// Buffering state changed
    Buffering { percent: u8 },

    /// An error occurred during playback
    Error { message: String, recoverable: bool },

    /// Volume changed
    VolumeChanged { volume: f32, muted: bool },

    /// Sleep timer state changed
    SleepTimerChanged {
        mode: SleepTimerMode,
        remaining_seconds: u32,
    },

    /// Show next episode popup with countdown
    ShowNextEpisodePopup {
        current_episode: MediaItem,
        next_episode: MediaItem,
        countdown_seconds: u32,
        auto_advance: bool,
    },

    /// Countdown tick (emitted every second during autoplay countdown)
    CountdownTick { remaining_seconds: u32 },

    /// Queue changed (items added, removed, reordered, or playback mode changed)
    QueueChanged {
        items: Vec<MediaItem>,
        current_index: Option<usize>,
        shuffle: bool,
        repeat: RepeatMode,
        has_next: bool,
        has_previous: bool,
    },

    /// Media session changed (activity context changed: Audio/Movie/TvShow/Idle)
    SessionChanged { session: MediaSessionType },
}
```

Events are emitted via Tauri's event system:

```mermaid
flowchart LR
    subgraph Backend["Player Backend"]
        MPV["MPV/ExoPlayer"]
    end

    subgraph EventSystem["Event System"]
        Emitter["TauriEventEmitter<br/>emit()"]
        Bus["Tauri Event Bus<br/>'player-event'"]
    end

    subgraph Frontend["Frontend"]
        Listener["playerEvents.ts<br/>Frontend Listener"]
        Store["Player Store Update<br/>(position, state, etc)"]
    end

    MPV --> Emitter --> Bus --> Listener --> Store
```

**Frontend Listener** (`src/lib/services/playerEvents.ts`):
- Listens for `player-event` Tauri events
- Updates player/queue stores based on event type
- Auto-advances to next track on `PlaybackEnded`
- On `StateChanged` events, calls `invoke("player_get_queue")` to update `appState.hasNext`/`hasPrevious` -- this enables MiniPlayer skip button state

**Important**: The command is `player_get_queue` (returns `QueueStatus` with `hasNext`/`hasPrevious`). There is no `player_get_queue_status` command.

## HTML5 Video Adapter (webview-rendered video)

**Location**: `src/lib/player/html5Adapter.ts`, `src/lib/player/index.ts`, report commands in
`src-tauri/src/commands/player/timers.rs`

Video on desktop (Linux WebKitGTK) — and, per current interim behavior, Android — is rendered by an
HTML5 `<video>`/HLS element **inside the webview**. libmpv is initialized audio-only (`vo=null`,
`video=false`), so the native backend cannot render or observe this element. The `<video>` is therefore
the real player, living outside Rust's reach.

To keep the `PlayerController` the single source of truth (matching the audio path), the HTML5 element
is treated as **a dumb output device that reports back into Rust**, rather than an independent state
authority:

```mermaid
flowchart LR
    subgraph Webview["Webview"]
        Video["HTML5 <video> / HLS.js"]
        Adapter["html5Adapter.ts<br/>(reports DOM events)"]
    end
    subgraph Backend["Rust"]
        Cmds["player_report_state<br/>player_report_position<br/>player_report_media_loaded"]
        Controller["PlayerController"]
        Emitter["TauriEventEmitter"]
    end
    subgraph Frontend["Frontend"]
        Events["playerEvents.ts"]
        Store["player store"]
    end

    Video -->|DOM events| Adapter --> Cmds --> Controller --> Emitter --> Events --> Store
```

**Key points:**
- The adapter re-emits the *same* `PlayerStatusEvent`s (`StateChanged`, `PositionUpdate`, `MediaLoaded`)
  the native backends emit, so `playerEvents.ts` needs **no** HTML5-specific branch — HTML5 is just
  another event source feeding the existing pipeline.
- Position reports are throttled (~250ms) to match the MPV cadence and avoid flooding IPC from the
  60fps RAF loop.
- **Boundary rule**: UI components never touch the report commands or `videoElement` state directly.
  Playback *control* goes through the unified facade `src/lib/player/index.ts` (`playerController`);
  HTML5 *state reporting* goes through `html5Adapter.ts`. This restores the documented invariant
  ("frontend only displays state and invokes commands") for the video path.

## MpvBackend (Linux)

**Location**: `src-tauri/src/player/mpv/`

The MPV backend uses libmpv for audio playback on Linux. Since MPV handles are not `Send`, all operations occur on a dedicated thread.

```mermaid
flowchart TB
    subgraph MainThread["Main Thread"]
        MpvBackend["MpvBackend<br/>- command_tx<br/>- shared_state<br/>- shutdown"]
        Commands["Commands:<br/>Load, Play, Pause<br/>Stop, Seek, SetVolume"]
    end

    subgraph EventLoopThread["MPV Event Loop Thread"]
        EventLoop["event_loop.rs<br/>- MPV Handle<br/>- command_rx<br/>- Event Emitter"]
        TauriEmitter["TauriEventEmitter"]
    end

    MpvBackend -->|"MpvCommand"| EventLoop
    MpvBackend <-->|"Arc<Mutex<>>"| EventLoop
    EventLoop -->|"Events"| TauriEmitter
    TauriEmitter --> FrontendStore["Frontend Store"]
```

**Key Components:**

```rust
// Command enum sent to event loop thread
pub enum MpvCommand {
    Load { url: String, media: MediaItem },
    Play,
    Pause,
    Stop,
    Seek(f64),
    SetVolume(f32),
    Quit,
}

// Shared state between main thread and event loop
pub struct MpvSharedState {
    pub state: PlayerState,
    pub position: f64,
    pub duration: Option<f64>,
    pub volume: f32,
    pub is_loaded: bool,
    pub current_media: Option<MediaItem>,
}
```

**Event Loop** (`event_loop.rs`):
- Initializes MPV with audio-only config (`vo=null`, `video=false`)
- Observes properties: `time-pos`, `duration`, `pause`, `volume`
- Emits position updates every 250ms during playback
- Processes commands from channel (non-blocking)
- Handles MPV events: `FileLoaded`, `EndFile`, `PropertyChange`

## ExoPlayerBackend (Android)

**Location**: `src-tauri/src/player/android/` and Kotlin sources

The ExoPlayer backend uses Android's Media3/ExoPlayer library via JNI.

```mermaid
flowchart TB
    subgraph RustNative["Rust (Native)"]
        ExoBackend["ExoPlayerBackend<br/>- player_ref<br/>- shared_state"]
        NativeFuncs["JNI Callbacks<br/>nativeOnPosition...<br/>nativeOnState...<br/>nativeOnMediaLoaded<br/>nativeOnPlaybackEnd"]
        TauriEmitter2["TauriEventEmitter"]
    end

    subgraph KotlinJVM["Kotlin (JVM)"]
        JellyTauPlayer["JellyTauPlayer<br/>- ExoPlayer<br/>- Player.Listener"]
    end

    ExoBackend -->|"JNI Calls"| JellyTauPlayer
    JellyTauPlayer -->|"Callbacks"| NativeFuncs
    NativeFuncs --> TauriEmitter2
    TauriEmitter2 --> FrontendStore2["Frontend Store"]
```

**Kotlin Player** (`JellyTauPlayer.kt`):
```kotlin
class JellyTauPlayer(context: Context) {
    private val exoPlayer: ExoPlayer
    private var positionUpdateJob: Job?

    // Methods callable from Rust via JNI
    fun load(url: String, mediaId: String)
    fun play()
    fun pause()
    fun stop()
    fun seek(positionSeconds: Double)
    fun setVolume(volume: Float)

    // Native callbacks to Rust
    private external fun nativeOnPositionUpdate(position: Double, duration: Double)
    private external fun nativeOnStateChanged(state: String, mediaId: String?)
    private external fun nativeOnMediaLoaded(duration: Double)
    private external fun nativeOnPlaybackEnded()
}
```

**JNI Callbacks** (Rust):
```rust
#[no_mangle]
pub extern "system" fn Java_com_dtourolle_jellytau_player_JellyTauPlayer_nativeOnPositionUpdate(
    _env: JNIEnv, _class: JClass, position: jdouble, duration: jdouble
) {
    // Update shared state
    // Emit PlayerStatusEvent::PositionUpdate
}
```

### Audio settings on ExoPlayer

**TRACES**: UR-027, UR-032, UR-033 | DR-030, DR-035, DR-036

`PlayerBackend` declares `set_audio_settings` with a default `Ok(())` body. For a
long time `ExoPlayerBackend` took that default, so Settings › Audio rendered
controls that silently did nothing on Android — the parity gap recorded in
[requirements.md](../requirements.md#platform-playback-backend-parity-linux-vs-android),
now closed.

The settings cross to Kotlin as **JSON over JNI**, not as a wide signature, so new
fields do not change the method signature — the same approach `load()` uses for
subtitles:

```rust
fn set_audio_settings(&mut self, settings: &AudioSettings) -> Result<(), PlayerError> {
    let json = audio_settings_jni_payload(settings)?;
    env.call_method(&self.player_ref, "setAudioSettings", "(Ljava/lang/String;)V", …)?;
    // Store the sanitised form, so audio_settings() reflects what was applied.
    self.shared_state.lock_safe().audio_settings =
        settings.clone().with_crossfade_clamped().with_equalizer_normalised();
}
```

Kotlin owns the *mechanics* — attaching `AudioEffect`s to the audio session — while
the canonical band layout and preset curves stay in Rust:

| Feature | Android mechanism | Notes |
|---------|-------------------|-------|
| Gapless | `pauseAtEndOfMediaItems` | |
| Volume normalization | `LoudnessEnhancer` | A gain stage — approximate next to MPV's `dynaudnorm` |
| Equalizer | `android.media.audiofx.Equalizer` | The canonical 10 bands are resampled onto the device's own band centres |
| Crossfade | — | Unimplemented on **every** platform (DR-034), architecturally blocked on MPV. Building it on Android alone would invert the parity gap |

Two things are deliberately still open: the effects are **not yet verified on a
physical device** (`AudioEffect` availability and band layouts are device-specific),
and the trait default is still a silent `Ok(())` rather than an error, so a backend
that omits the method still reports success. Flipping that default waits on the
device verification.

### The equalizer, and where its vocabulary lives

**TRACES**: UR-027 | DR-030, IR-020

The canonical band layout (`EQ_BANDS`) and the preset curves live in
`settings.rs`, **not** in either backend and not in the UI: a preset *is* a gain
curve defined by the band layout, and the layout is a property of the audio
engine rather than of the picker that renders it. Presets are Flat, Rock, Pop,
Jazz, Classical, Bass Boost, Treble Boost and Vocal, all conservative (within
±8 dB) so they stack safely with volume normalization.

| Platform | Mechanism |
|----------|-----------|
| Linux | One ffmpeg two-pole peaking `equalizer` filter per band, composed by `build_af_filter` into MPV's `af` property alongside the normalization filter: `equalizer=f=31:width_type=o:width=1:g=5` |
| Android | `android.media.audiofx.Equalizer`, with the canonical 10 bands **resampled onto whatever band centres the device actually has** |

Gains are normalised (`with_equalizer_normalised`) before use, and bands beyond
`EQ_BANDS` are ignored, so a malformed settings payload cannot produce a filter
chain of unbounded length.

## Background Audio Handoff (Android)

**TRACES**: UR-040 | IR-025, DR-051, DR-052, DR-178 … DR-180, DR-196, DR-203

Keeping a video's **audio** alive when the app is backgrounded or the screen
locks, while video decode stops. Two verified facts drive the whole design:

1. An Android WebView `<video>` **does not** keep playing audio once the app is
   backgrounded — the system throttles the WebView and media pauses.
2. Keeping audio alive in the background requires a **native foreground media
   service**, which already exists for music (`JellyTauPlaybackService` +
   `JellyTauPlayer` + `MediaSessionCompat`).

So this is a **handoff**, not "keep the WebView alive": on background, tear down
the current renderer and play the same item audio-only through the native
service; on foreground, hand back. In the project's one-directional playback
model this is a change of *which player is authoritative*, and the position must
transfer cleanly across it.

```mermaid
sequenceDiagram
    participant App as App backgrounded
    participant FE as VideoPlayer
    participant Rust as player_enter/exit_background_audio
    participant Exo as Native audio service

    App-->>FE: jellytau-background (DOM CustomEvent)
    FE->>Rust: enter(item, position, audioStreamIndex)
    Rust->>Exo: play audio-only at position
    Note over Exo: lockscreen + notification, existing MediaSession
    App-->>FE: jellytau-foreground
    FE->>Rust: exit() -> final position
    Rust-->>FE: position
    FE->>FE: restart the renderer that is on screen
```

Details that were each a shipped defect:

- **Position is absolute.** Transcoded HLS tracks time as
  `videoElement.currentTime + seekOffset` (the element resets to 0 after each
  transcode reload). `computeHandoffPosition` sums both terms; using the element
  time alone rewinds by the offset.
- **A downloaded episode takes no base URL and an ordinary seek** (DR-180); a
  stream takes the base and no seek; a handoff at 0:00 takes neither.
- **The return must restart the renderer that is actually on screen** (DR-196).
  The two paths resume by different means — the webview `<video>` reloads off its
  stream URL, watched by an `$effect`; ExoPlayer owns no element and nothing
  watches the URL for it, so it needs an explicit re-issue. Doing only the URL
  assignment restarted nothing on the native path and left a black screen with a
  play button that did nothing.
- **`wasPlaying` is captured on the way out** so play/pause survives the round
  trip, and the handoff does not silently rewind (DR-203).
- **Mutually exclusive with PiP.** Toggle on → `setAutoEnterEnabled(false)`;
  toggle off → PiP on background, the status quo. The frontend re-asserts the
  value whenever the toggle changes and on unmount, so a stale setting cannot
  leak into the next player.
- The pure arithmetic and state transitions live in
  `backgroundAudioHandoff.ts`, free of Svelte and the DOM, so they are testable
  without mounting the player.

Native signals background/foreground to the frontend as DOM CustomEvents
(`jellytau-background` / `jellytau-foreground`); the frontend carries the toggle
state to native through the `AndroidBackgroundAudio` bridge. No-op on every
non-Android platform.

## Native Video Compositing (Android)

**TRACES**: UR-003, UR-004 | DR-150 … DR-152, DR-182 … DR-196

Android can render video on the **native ExoPlayer surface behind a transparent
Tauri WebView**, with the Svelte controls drawn over it. This is on by default;
the HTML5 `<video>` path remains the fallback and is not being removed. The
default has been flipped and reverted twice and each revert has a named cause —
the per-defect record is in `requirements.md` (DR-150 … DR-196).

```mermaid
flowchart TB
    subgraph Window["One Android window"]
        Texture["TextureView (index 0)<br/>ExoPlayer video"]
        WebView["Tauri WebView (above)<br/>transparent, Svelte controls"]
    end
    Rust["ExoPlayerBackend"] -->|JNI| Player["JellyTauPlayer"]
    Player --> Texture
    MainActivity -->|"setTransparent(true)"| WebView
    VideoOverlayManager -->|"attach / detach"| Texture
```

Load-bearing details, each of which was a shipped defect:

- **TextureView, not SurfaceView** (DR-192). A SurfaceView renders on its own
  layer *outside* the app window and punches a transparent hole through it;
  everything drawn above that hole — for us the whole UI — depends on that
  composition path, which Android's own documentation says does not reliably
  work. A TextureView makes "behind" ordinary view z-order within one window.
- **Attached at index 0** by `VideoOverlayManager`, and **detached when the video
  goes** (DR-184) — a surface left in the hierarchy outlives its player.
- **Bridges are installed before the page that uses them** (DR-183).
  `addJavascriptInterface` must run once per WebView instance and a call that
  lands after the page has loaded never reaches it, so `setTransparent(true)`
  could be dropped entirely.
- **The app shell stops painting over the surface** (DR-185). `app.css` clears
  its opaque backgrounds off `[data-native-video]`; before that, a CSS rule
  targeted an attribute nothing ever set, so the fix looked applied and was not.
- **The poster card can lift on a path with no `<video>` element** (DR-182) — the
  native reveal fires on a `playing` state or a position tick carrying a position
  or duration, and on nothing else.
- **Letterbox bars are painted**, not left holding whatever was last in the
  framebuffer (DR-194).
- There is deliberately **no audio-focus bridge**: manual focus requests from the
  WebView competed with Chromium's `AudioFocusDelegate` and with ExoPlayer, and
  the resulting `AUDIOFOCUS_LOSS` paused playback.

Related Kotlin pieces in the same window: `PictureInPictureManager` (DR-160/161),
`ScreenWakeManager` (DR-202 — Android counts its display timeout from touch
events, which a playing video does not generate), `ImmersiveModeBridge` and
`WindowInsetsBridge` (IR-031/DR-112 — see
[02-svelte-frontend.md](02-svelte-frontend.md#safe-area-insets)).

## Android MediaSession & Remote Volume Control

**Location**: `JellyTauPlaybackService.kt`

JellyTau uses a dual MediaSession architecture for Android to support both Media3 playback controls and remote volume control:

```mermaid
flowchart TB
    subgraph Service["JellyTauPlaybackService"]
        MediaSession["Media3 MediaSession<br/>- Lockscreen controls<br/>- Media notifications<br/>- Play/Pause/Next/Previous"]

        MediaSessionCompat["MediaSessionCompat<br/>- Remote volume control<br/>- Hardware button interception"]

        VolumeProvider["VolumeProviderCompat<br/>- onSetVolumeTo()<br/>- onAdjustVolume()"]

        MediaSessionCompat --> VolumeProvider
    end

    subgraph Hardware["System"]
        VolumeButtons["Hardware Volume Buttons"]
        Lockscreen["Lockscreen Controls"]
        Notification["Media Notification"]
    end

    subgraph Rust["Rust Backend"]
        JNI["JNI Callbacks<br/>nativeOnRemoteVolumeChange()"]
        PlaybackMode["PlaybackModeManager<br/>send_remote_volume_command()"]
        JellyfinAPI["Jellyfin API<br/>session_set_volume()"]
    end

    VolumeButtons --> VolumeProvider
    Lockscreen --> MediaSession
    Notification --> MediaSession

    VolumeProvider --> JNI
    JNI --> PlaybackMode
    PlaybackMode --> JellyfinAPI
```

**Architecture Rationale:**

JellyTau maintains both MediaSession types because they serve different purposes:

1. **Media3 MediaSession**: Handles lockscreen/notification playback controls (play/pause/next/previous)
2. **MediaSessionCompat**: Intercepts hardware volume button presses for remote playback control

When in remote playback mode (controlling a Jellyfin session on another device):
- Volume buttons are routed through `VolumeProviderCompat`
- Volume changes are sent to the remote session via Jellyfin API
- System volume UI shows the remote session's volume level

**Remote Volume Flow:**

```mermaid
sequenceDiagram
    participant User
    participant VolumeButton as Hardware Volume Button
    participant VolumeProvider as VolumeProviderCompat
    participant JNI as nativeOnRemoteVolumeChange
    participant PlaybackMode as PlaybackModeManager
    participant Jellyfin as Jellyfin Server
    participant RemoteSession as Remote Session (TV/Browser)

    User->>VolumeButton: Press Volume Up
    VolumeButton->>VolumeProvider: onAdjustVolume(ADJUST_RAISE)
    VolumeProvider->>VolumeProvider: remoteVolumeLevel += 2
    VolumeProvider->>VolumeProvider: currentVolume = remoteVolumeLevel
    VolumeProvider->>JNI: nativeOnRemoteVolumeChange("VolumeUp", level)
    JNI->>PlaybackMode: send_remote_volume_command("VolumeUp", level)
    PlaybackMode->>Jellyfin: POST /Sessions/{id}/Command/VolumeUp
    Jellyfin->>RemoteSession: Set volume to new level
    RemoteSession-->>User: Volume changes on TV/Browser
```

**Key Implementation Details:**

**Enabling Remote Volume** (`enableRemoteVolume()`):
```kotlin
fun enableRemoteVolume(initialVolume: Int) {
    volumeProvider = object : VolumeProviderCompat(
        VolumeProviderCompat.VOLUME_CONTROL_ABSOLUTE,
        100,  // Max volume
        initialVolume
    ) {
        override fun onSetVolumeTo(volume: Int) {
            remoteVolumeLevel = volume.coerceIn(0, 100)
            nativeOnRemoteVolumeChange("SetVolume", remoteVolumeLevel)
        }

        override fun onAdjustVolume(direction: Int) {
            when (direction) {
                AudioManager.ADJUST_RAISE -> {
                    remoteVolumeLevel = (remoteVolumeLevel + 2).coerceAtMost(100)
                    nativeOnRemoteVolumeChange("VolumeUp", remoteVolumeLevel)
                    currentVolume = remoteVolumeLevel
                }
                AudioManager.ADJUST_LOWER -> {
                    remoteVolumeLevel = (remoteVolumeLevel - 2).coerceAtLeast(0)
                    nativeOnRemoteVolumeChange("VolumeDown", remoteVolumeLevel)
                    currentVolume = remoteVolumeLevel
                }
            }
        }
    }

    mediaSessionCompat.setPlaybackToRemote(volumeProvider)
}
```

**Disabling Remote Volume** (`disableRemoteVolume()`):
```kotlin
fun disableRemoteVolume() {
    mediaSessionCompat.setPlaybackToLocal(AudioManager.STREAM_MUSIC)
    volumeProvider = null
}
```

**Rust Integration** (`src-tauri/src/player/android/mod.rs`):
```rust
/// Enable remote volume control on Android
pub fn enable_remote_volume(initial_volume: i32) -> Result<(), String> {
    start_playback_service()?;
    let service_instance = get_playback_service_instance()?;
    env.call_method(&service_instance, "enableRemoteVolume", "(I)V",
        &[JValue::Int(initial_volume)])?;
    Ok(())
}
```

**Dependencies** (`src-tauri/android/build.gradle.kts`):
```kotlin
dependencies {
    implementation("androidx.media3:media3-session:1.5.1")  // Media3 MediaSession
    implementation("androidx.media:media:1.7.0")            // MediaSessionCompat
}
```

**Integration with Playback Mode:**

Remote volume is automatically enabled/disabled during playback mode transfers:

```rust
// In PlaybackModeManager::transfer_to_remote()
#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
{
    if let Err(e) = crate::player::enable_remote_volume(50) {
        log::warn!("Failed to enable remote volume: {}", e);
    }
}

// In PlaybackModeManager::transfer_to_local()
#[cfg(target_os = "android")]
{
    if let Err(e) = crate::player::disable_remote_volume() {
        log::warn!("Failed to disable remote volume: {}", e);
    }
}
```

## Android Album Art Caching

**Location**: `src-tauri/android/src/main/java/com/dtourolle/jellytau/player/AlbumArtCache.kt`

Album art caching provides efficient bitmap storage for lock screen notifications with automatic LRU eviction and memory management.

```mermaid
flowchart TB
    subgraph JellyTauPlayer["JellyTauPlayer.kt"]
        LoadMedia["loadWithMetadata()<br/>- Store artworkUrl<br/>- Launch async download"]
        AsyncDownload["Coroutine<br/>- Non-blocking<br/>- Dispatchers.IO"]
    end

    subgraph Cache["AlbumArtCache.kt"]
        MemoryCache["LruCache<String, Bitmap><br/>- 1/8 of heap<br/>- ~12-16MB typical<br/>- 50-100 albums capacity"]
        Download["Download & Scale<br/>- 512x512 max<br/>- Exponential backoff"]
        ErrorHandle["Error Handling<br/>- Graceful fallback<br/>- Auto-retry"]
    end

    subgraph Service["JellyTauPlaybackService.kt"]
        UpdateMeta["updateMediaMetadata()<br/>- Accept Bitmap parameter<br/>- Add METADATA_KEY_ALBUM_ART"]
        Notification["Notification<br/>- setLargeIcon()<br/>- Lock screen display"]
    end

    LoadMedia --> AsyncDownload
    AsyncDownload --> MemoryCache
    MemoryCache --> Download
    Download --> ErrorHandle
    AsyncDownload --> UpdateMeta
    UpdateMeta --> Notification
```

**AlbumArtCache Singleton:**

```kotlin
class AlbumArtCache(context: Context) {
    private val memoryCache = object : LruCache<String, Bitmap>(cacheSize) {
        override fun sizeOf(key: String, bitmap: Bitmap): Int {
            return bitmap.byteCount / 1024  // Size in KB
        }
    }

    suspend fun getArtwork(url: String): Bitmap? {
        memoryCache.get(url)?.let { return it }
        return downloadAndCache(url)
    }

    private suspend fun downloadAndCache(url: String): Bitmap? =
        withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
            // HTTP download with 5s timeout
            // Scale to 512x512 max
            // Auto-evict LRU if needed
        }
}
```

**Integration Flow:**

1. **Track Load** (`loadWithMetadata()`):
   - Store artwork URL in `currentArtworkUrl`
   - Reset bitmap to null
   - Start playback immediately (non-blocking)

2. **Async Download** (Background Coroutine):
   - Check cache: instant hit if available
   - Network miss: download, scale, cache
   - Auto-retry on network failure with exponential backoff
   - Graceful fallback if artwork unavailable

3. **Notification Update**:
   - Pass bitmap to `updatePlaybackServiceNotification()`
   - Add to `MediaMetadataCompat` with `METADATA_KEY_ALBUM_ART`
   - Display as large icon in notification
   - Show on lock screen

**Memory Management:**

| Metric | Value |
|--------|-------|
| Cache Size | 1/8 of heap (12-16MB typical) |
| Max Resolution | 512x512 pixels |
| Capacity | ~50-100 album arts |
| Eviction Policy | LRU (Least Recently Used) |
| Lifetime | In-memory only (app session) |
| Network Timeout | 5 seconds per download |

**Performance Characteristics:**

- **Cache Hit**: ~1ms (in-memory retrieval)
- **Cache Miss**: ~200-500ms (download + scale)
- **Playback Impact**: Zero (async downloads)
- **Memory Overhead**: Max 16MB (auto-eviction)
- **Error Recovery**: Automatic with exponential backoff

## Backend Initialization

**Location**: `src-tauri/src/lib.rs`

Backend selection is platform-specific:

```rust
fn create_player_backend(app_handle: tauri::AppHandle) -> Box<dyn PlayerBackend> {
    let event_emitter = Arc::new(TauriEventEmitter::new(app_handle));

    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
    {
        match MpvBackend::new(event_emitter.clone()) {
            Ok(backend) => return Box::new(backend),
            Err(e) => eprintln!("MPV init failed: {}", e),
        }
    }

    #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
    {
        // ExoPlayer requires Activity context, initialized separately
    }

    // Fallback
    Box::new(NullBackend::new())
}
```